Stretching the Qing Bureaucracy in the 1826 Sea-transport Experiment

In a new study of the Qing government’s 1826 experiment in sea transport of government grain in response to the collapse of the Grand Canal (1825), Jane Kate Leonard highlights how the Daoguang Emperor, together with Yinghe, his chief fiscal adviser, and Qishan, Governor-General of Liangjiang, devised and implemented this innovative plan by temporarily stretching the Qing burea...

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In a new study of the Qing government’s 1826 experiment in sea transport of government grain in response to the collapse of the Grand Canal (1825), Jane Kate Leonard highlights how the Daoguang Emperor, together with Yinghe, his chief fiscal adviser, and Qishan, Governor-General of Liangjiang, devised and implemented this innovative plan by temporarily stretching the Qing bureaucracy to include local “assistant” officials and ad hoc bureaus ( ju) and by recruiting ( zhaoshang) private organizations, such as merchant shippers, dockside porters, and lighterage fleets. This is significant because it explains how the Qing leadership was able to respond successfully to crises and change without permanently expanding the reach and expense of the permanent bureaucracy.

Jane Kate Leonard (Ph.D. Cornell University, 1971) is professor emerita of history (University of Akron). She has published monographs on early nineteenth-century Chinese thought and institutions, including Wei Yuan and China’s Rediscovery of the Maritime World (Harvard East Asian Studies, 1984); “Controlling from Afar.” The Daoguang Emperor’s Management of the Grand Canal Cris...

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Jane Kate Leonard (Ph.D. Cornell University, 1971) is professor emerita of history (University of Akron). She has published monographs on early nineteenth-century Chinese thought and institutions, including Wei Yuan and China’s Rediscovery of the Maritime World (Harvard East Asian Studies, 1984); “Controlling from Afar.” The Daoguang Emperor’s Management of the Grand Canal Crisis, 1824–1826 (Ann Arbor; Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1996).

Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Sea Transport Chronology
Introduction: The Challenge of Innovation. The 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment
1The 1825 Grand Canal Crisis
2Tricks of the Trade
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Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations
Sea Transport Chronology
Introduction: The Challenge of Innovation. The 1826 Sea-Transport Experiment
1The 1825 Grand Canal Crisis
2Tricks of the Trade
1 Linqing and Grand Canal Conditions in Northern Jiangsu
1Junction Conservancy Work, 1737–1765
2Protecting the Junction, 1770–1784
3Last Ditch Efforts to Shield the Junction, 1796–1826
4Qishan and the Pound Lock, 1827
5Conclusions
2 Imagination at the Center: The Daoguang Emperor and Yinghe
1The Daoguang Emperor Launches the Sea-Transport Initiative
2Yinghe (1771–1839): Principal Architect of the Sea-Transport Plan
3Yinghe’s First Memorial on the Comprehensive Grain-Transport Plan
4The Significance of Yinghe’s First Memorial
3 The Deepening Crisis and Yinghe’s Second Memorial
1The Emperor’s Response
2The Deepening Crisis at the Junction
3Intensification of Imperial Crisis Management and Yinghe’s Second Memorial
4The Challenge of Commutation
5Conclusions
4 Qishan and Disaster Assessment in Jiangsu
1Qishan’s Mission
2Investigation in the Sixth Month (5.6.1–5.6.22)
3Qishan’s Assessment of the “General Situation”
4Qishan’s Approach to Sea Transport
5Conclusions
5 Stretching the Bureaucracy for Sea Transport
1Administrative Obstacles to the Sea-Transport Experiment
2Obstacles to Recruitment
3Qishan and the ad hoc Planning Cadre
4Tao Zhu’s Special Mission to Shanghai
5Xiong Yutai’s Advice on Recruitment
6Conclusions
6 Sea-Transport Regulations and Coastal Defense
1Sea-Transport Regulations
2Coastal Defense
3Redrawing the Northeast Coastal Map
4The Route
5Conclusions
7 Nayancheng and Regulations for Zhili
1Governor-General Nayancheng
2Yinghe and the First Board of Revenue Memorial
3Nayancheng and Zhili Grain-Management Realities
4Lighterage
5Storage Logistics
6The Performance of Low-Level Grain-Handing Tasks in Zhili
7Calculating the Costs Down to the Last 1/100,000th of a Tael
8Conclusions
8 Bai Chun and Low-Level Grain Transfers and Storage in Zhili
1The Role of Sub- and Extra-Bureaucratic Granary Personnel
2Grain Brokerage
3Brokers and the Inspection of Steamy Rice ( zhengzhao)
4The Broker’s Role in Grain Transfers
5The Broker’s Role in Escorting Lighterage Fleets
6Cart Haulage from Tongzhou to the Beijing Granaries
7Essential Equipment for Grain Transfers
8Terms, Conditions, and Pay for Lighterage Boatmen
9Loose Ends
10Conclusions
Conclusions
Glossary
References
Index
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