第四章：临摹 - 写生的基础

=艺术的目的：提炼自然之美
=临摹的方法：抓住产生临摹冲动的原因。
=学习的步骤：临摹→默画→写生

P33 Ultimate aim of all who study art: ①draw from nature well ②select her most beautiful features

P33 如何练习：imitate nature + imitate art   "The mechanical practice of art is learned by copying."

P33 如何临摹：To attain mechanical power, copying of examples is indispensible, --- but not with a view merely producing a facsimile of any.
▪ A just idea of the subject intended to be worked out ought to be first acquired.
▪ Then the examples should be looked to for the made of execution, [bearing in mind the reasons for its adoption.]
▪ When the copy is completed, comparison should be made with the original; not to determine the exactness of the resemblance between that and the copy, as regards the mere lines and strokes, but to see if [the ideas] intended to be conveyed are expressed with the same significance and power in the copy as in the original.

P33 But lest copying should degenerate into mere servile(过分屈从的；缺乏独立性的；仆人的） imitation, without anything like exercise of mind.

P33 The student, after having satisfied himself with the correctness of his copy, should then lay aside the original, and endeavour to reproduce the same subjects, from MEMORY. It is the first step toward originality. //默画

P34 He should begin by taking single objects, or separate parts of such as a complicated, and having drawn them twice or thrice, should note to what extent his memory has been faithful. It is with drawing as with Music: the first step toward playing a passage correctly is made when it has been played a sufficient number of times to fix the memory. //反复两到三次默画，与原作对比，发现错误

P35 写生前为什么要先临摹？ The knowledge and experience ought to be the foundation on which we are to build, and on which we may expect to raise a supersturcture of our own; otherwise there could be no progression in Art. Until we have learned the principles of art, and can carry them into operation, we are not in a condition to study nature in advantage, or to depict her satisfactorily that we may be encouraged to go on. //如果人人都直接从事写生，艺术史上便不会有进步。 

P36 对角线定位法。